Lung Cancer – Risk Factors, Complications, and Prevention Tips

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. It typically starts in the cells lining the bronchi or specific lung areas, such as the bronchioles or alveoli. There are two main types of lung cancer: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), also called oat cell cancer. The common symptoms include persistent cough, coughing up blood, chest pain, voice hoarseness, bone pain, and headaches.
Key risk factors for lung cancer
Many factors can increase the risk of developing lung cancer. These include:
Radon exposure
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), radon is one of the country’s leading causes of lung cancer. This naturally occurring radioactive gas results from the breakdown of uranium in rocks and soil. While radon does not pose a significant threat outdoors, it can be more concentrated indoors, and breathing it in can expose the lungs to radiation, increasing cancer risk.
Asbestos exposure
People who work in areas with a high concentration of asbestos, such as mines, mills, textile plants, and places where insulation is used, are more likely to develop mesothelioma. This cancer starts in the lining surrounding the lungs, also known as the pleura. Due to government resolutions, the use of asbestos in industrial and commercial goods has reduced over the years. However, it is still used in many old homes and buildings. Its presence is not considered harmful unless released into the environment by degradation, demolition, or renovation.
Exposure to other carcinogenic chemicals
Other chemicals that can increase the risk of lung cancer include arsenic, silica, beryllium, cadmium, vinyl chloride, coal products, chromium compounds, nickel compounds, chloromethyl ethers, and mustard gas. Prolonged exposure to diesel exhaust or radioactive ores such as uranium has also been linked to lung cancer.
Vitamin supplements
While it was once assumed that vitamin supplements like beta carotene could reduce the risk of lung cancer, recent studies have found substantial evidence against this. Vitamin supplements can increase the risk of lung cancer in many people.
Air pollution
Air pollution can increase the risk of lung cancer in cities, especially on heavily trafficked roads. According to some researchers, outdoor air pollution is responsible for five percent of lung cancer deaths.
Arsenic in drinking water
High levels of arsenic in drinking water in some parts of the world have also been linked to a higher risk of lung cancer. However, drinking water is not a major source of arsenic for most people in our country using public water systems.
Previous radiation therapy
People who have undergone radiation therapy in the chest for another type of cancer have a higher risk of developing lung cancer; for instance, people who have undergone treatment for Hodgkin’s disease or those who have received chest radiation after a mastectomy for breast cancer.
Family history
Like most cancers, lung cancer can run in families. Those with a parent, child, or sibling with lung cancer are at a higher risk of developing the disease themselves.
Complications caused by lung cancer
The condition can lead to complications like:
Shortness of breath
If cancer growth blocks major respiratory pathways, patients may experience shortness of breath. Lung cancer can even cause fluid to collect around the lungs, making it more challenging for the organ to expand fully upon inhaling.
Hemoptysis
Lung cancer can trigger bleeding in the airways, which may lead to hemoptysis or coughing up blood. This bleeding can be controlled with appropriate treatments.
Pain
Lung cancer that spreads to the lung’s lining or other body parts may lead to pain. The pain usually worsens when coughing, laughing, or deep breathing.
Pleural effusion
Lung cancer can sometimes cause fluid to collect in the space surrounding the affected lung in the chest cavity or the pleural space. Treatment can help drain this fluid and prevent pleural effusion from recurring.
Metastasis
Lung cancer can spread to other body parts, such as the brain or the bones. This is known as metastasis. It can lead to nausea, pain, headaches, or other symptoms depending on the part of the body it spreads to. Once cancer has spread beyond the lungs, it is not curable. Treatments only help control symptoms and help people live longer.
Prevention of lung cancer
While it is not possible to prevent this cancer, taking some steps can help people reduce their risk of developing the disease. These are:
Testing the home for radon
Individuals can get their homes’ radon levels checked and take the necessary steps to lower the levels. Information on radon testing can be found at the local department of public health or on the websites of national health organizations.
Avoiding carcinogens at work
Those working in factories must try to limit their exposure to toxic chemicals. For instance, if the workplace has provided a face mask for protection, workers should ensure it is worn correctly. One can speak to a doctor or a healthcare professional about other precautions to reduce the risk of lung cancer.
Eating healthy
Adding a wide variety of fruits and vegetables to meals can help the body stay fit and reduce the risk of lung cancer in the long term. These natural foods are good sources of vitamins and minerals. Individuals must avoid using large doses of vitamin supplements, as they may increase the risk of the disorder.
Exercising regularly
Exercising regularly or most days of the week can help the body stay fit. It helps lower the risk of lung cancer and a range of other ailments and lifestyle disorders.
The best way to prevent lung cancer is to be aware of its potential risk factors. Those at high risk can take corrective measures like introducing lifestyle, habit, and work changes. It will ensure that they live longer and healthier lives.