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Parkinson’s – Symptoms, Causes, and Management

Parkinson’s – Symptoms, Causes, and Management

Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disease that affects the nervous system and other parts of the body controlled by nerves. The symptoms develop over a period of time and gradually grow in severity. Tremors are one of the most common symptoms of the condition, and one can also experience stiffness and slowing of movement. While the condition does not of a permanent cure, symptoms of Parkinson’s can be managed through treatment and remedies.

Symptoms
Parkinson’s is a progressive disease, i.e., its symptoms develop gradually over time. It often starts with a slight tremor in one hand. Some may also notice early signs such as stiffness in the body. Over time these symptoms can get increasingly severe, affecting one’s day-to-day activities. Some of the other symptoms of this condition are:

  1. Changes in movement
  2. Tremors
  3. Issues with coordination and maintaining balance, leading to one frequently falling over or dropping things
  4. Loss of sense of smell
  5. Changes in facial expressions brought on by changes in nerves responsible for facial muscles
  6. Change in gait, making one lean slightly forward while walking
  7. Changes in voice, like a softer voice or voice tremor
  8. Difficulty in writing leading to cramped or smaller handwriting
  9. Issues with sleep due to restless leg syndrome and other sleep disorders
  10. Rapid eye movement sleep disorder

While the condition affects people in different ways, there are a few common symptoms reported by many patients. These include:

  1. Changes in mood due to mood disorders and depression
  2. Difficulty in chewing and swallowing foods
  3. Excessive tiredness and fatigue
  4. Constipation
  5. Skin conditions
  6. Dementia, hallucinations, and delusions can develop in the advanced stages of the disease

Parkinson’s may not be diagnosed or detected in the early stages. This is because the early signs of the disease are similar to the early stages of other conditions like head trauma, encephalitis, stroke, multiple system atrophy, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Further, there is no test that helps accurately detect the disease in the early stages. 

Causes and risk factors
Parkinson’s disease is a neurological condition brought on by changes developing in one’s brain. The reason for these changes and the explanation of how they result in the development of this neurological disease is yet to be determined. But, experts have been able to figure out certain factors that could increase the risk of this disorder. Here are some of them: 

Low levels of dopamine: The symptoms have been linked to low levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, triggered by the death of cells that produce this brain chemical. Low levels of dopamine can also make it hard for one to control their movements. 

Low levels of norepinephrine: Parkinson’s disease could damage nerve endings, affecting the production of another important neurotransmitter called norepinephrine. This chemical plays an important role in blood circulation and other functions, and low levels of norepinephrine may result in both motor and non-motor symptoms. 

Genetic factors: Studies have found that several genes and mutations in genes are linked with the disease. More studies are needed to understand if this disease is hereditary in nature. Among individuals with early-onset Parkinson’s, genetic factors appear to be the cause behind a rather small number of cases. 

Autoimmune conditions: Studies have found a link between Parkinson’s disease and autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. 

Other risk factors for the condition are toxic chemical exposure, gender, age, certain treatments, and even traumatic brain injury. 

Treatment options
While there is no permanent cure for the disease, the treatment options focus on helping people live with the symptoms and control them. The treatment also focuses on improving the day-to-day life of the patient and helping them perform everyday tasks. For advanced cases, doctors may suggest surgery to relieve certain symptoms. They may also recommend lifestyle changes, physical therapy, speech therapy, and other management options to control symptoms like stiffness and changes in movement. Here are some of the common treatment options for Parkinson’s: 

Prescription options: One of the most common ways to treat this neurological condition is prescription treatments. The options help manage symptoms like issues with movement and walking and can help reduce tremors. Most of these options can substitute dopamine in the brain or help in increasing the production of this brain chemical. Dopamine cannot be administered directly as it can not enter the brain. While these treatments show massive improvement in the beginning, the effects can diminish over time as the condition progresses. 

Surgery: Many surgical procedures can help in the management of Parkinson’s disease systems. One of these procedures is deep brain stimulation, in which the surgeon implants electrodes in the brain. The electrodes are connected to a generator implanted in the chest. This electrode sends electrical pulses to the brain, which can help reduce the symptoms. When conducting deep brain stimulation, the healthcare professional will adjust the settings based on what is required to treat the condition. This treatment can help stabilize the treatment, reduce involuntary movements, improve tremors, reduce rigidity in the body, and improve overall movement.

Other treatments: Many advanced and experimental treatments are recommended for people with the disease. These treatments are not widely available or intended for all patients but can help improve the symptoms in some patients. Some of these experimental treatments are stem cell transplants, neuron-repair treatments, and gene therapies or gene-targeted treatments. 

In addition to treatment, patients may also try natural remedies like exercising, introducing changes in meals, and practicing techniques to improve balance. One may also try yoga to improve flexibility and movement. Certain studies have shown that those who practice yoga may have increased mobility, balance, strength, and flexibility. Additionally, massage therapy is a great choice for people affected by Parkinson’s disease, as yoga can help reduce common symptoms like muscle rigidity and tremors. 

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Known Signs of Hemophilia and Anemia

Bleeding disorders refer to a group of conditions like hemophilia or anemia that interfere with normal blood functions in the body. Hemophilia affects the ability of the blood cells to clot naturally, while anemia lowers hemoglobin count in the red blood cells. These conditions exhibit a unique set of symptoms that can be identified. Early diagnosis helps doctors form a viable healthcare plan. So, it pays to know and identify the following symptoms. Hemophilia and Anemia: Understanding the difference Both conditions are common bleeding disorders. However, anemia & hemophilia signs are distinctly different from each other when it comes to the disease progression. The latter is a genetic disorder that affects the red blood cell’s ability to clot and close wounds. Certain clotting factors in the blood bind with the red blood cells to prevent uncontrolled bleeding. Anemia is a condition where the body lacks sufficient healthy red blood cells in the first place. Also, a low hemoglobin count affects the red blood cell’s ability to carry oxygen to vital organs and extremities via the circulatory system. Genetic mutation triggers most known types of hemophilia, while certain nutritional deficiencies in the body trigger common forms of anemia. Symptoms of hemophilia The absence of essential clotting factors in the blood can trigger a variety of noticeable and unusual symptoms. Uncontrolled bleeding Bleeding is one of the primary symptoms of hemophilia. It can happen under the skin or in the joints. As the red blood cells are unable to bind and clot, this pool of blood can trigger swelling, pain, and tightness in the joints. This symptom is most commonly noticeable in the knees, elbows, and ankles. Blood collecting under the skin can lead to buildups under the muscle and soft tissue to cause more painful bruising. This symptom is called hematoma in medical terminology. Frequent nosebleeds When the bleeding is triggered externally, it can result in frequent nosebleeds that can be difficult to stop. Note that external environmental factors and physical injuries generally cause nosebleeds. So, any unexplained bleeding could indicate a developing condition. Bleeding caused due to cuts, bruises, and vaccinations Lack of essential clotting factor VIII can trigger bleeding from the lightest of impacts, cuts, bruises, or even after losing a tooth. Some people experience sudden bleeding after taking a vaccination. This could be the body’s reaction to producing antibodies, but the strain could be too much to bear, resulting in bleeding from the extremities. Blood in urine or stool Excess blood in the urine or stool is a clear sign of disease progression. The urine and stools appear dark red or even blackish due to the presence of red blood cells mixed with the excreta. Immediate medical assistance is advisable for visual symptoms. Bleeding in infants Complicated pregnancies can be physically taxing for both the mother and the child leading to possible symptoms of hemophilia at birth. But in some rare cases, infants may experience internal bleeding in the head. Symptoms of anemia The most common types of anemia, including iron deficiency anemia and vitamin deficiency anemia, develop due to the lack of nutrients in the body. Therefore, anemia exhibits more physically taxing symptoms as the condition worsens. Tiredness Increased fatigue and weakness for no apparent reason is one of the main indicators of nutritional deficiencies. An unexplained decrease in overall stamina with no physical exertion or any activity during the day could mean low iron in the blood. Without iron, the body cannot produce enough red blood cells. And low hemoglobin means not enough oxygen is being circulated around vital organs in the body, thus resulting in fatigue induced by low energy levels. Respiratory symptoms Experiencing shortness of breath, chest pains, and even noticing an irregular heartbeat could indicate a possible anemic condition. An iron deficiency lowers hemoglobin count, and this means not enough oxygen is being circulated by the blood. Low hemoglobin affects the breathing rate as the body struggles to extract more oxygen resulting in shortness of breath. The heart must also put in extra efforts to pump the low hemoglobin blood forcefully, thus resulting in irregular heartbeats. Doctors refer to this condition as heart palpitations. These symptoms can also induce chest pains due to the sheer stress being put on the organ. Pale skin and damaged hair Skin and hair symptoms are visible indicators of a developing anemia condition. An iron deficiency results in low red blood cell production and indirectly affects the shade of the skin. Pale skin is noticeably visible around the face, gums, lower lips, lower eyelids, and even on the nails. This symptom is more visually obvious among people who flaunt a lighter skin tone. Also, hair thinning, hair fall, and a damaged scalp is a clear sign of iron deficiency. Treatment options Note that anemia & hemophilia signs never overlap. Once the primary indicators are confirmed, doctors quickly suggest blood tests to identify the leading causes or triggers. Knowing the differences can help with prompt diagnosis even though both the conditions are bleeding disorders. It is even possible to recover from common forms of anemia within 2 to 3 months. Hemophilia is a more serious bleeding disorder that is treated by introducing the missing clotting factors. Doctors also suggest prescriptions that help stimulate the body to release more clotting factors. However, a transfusion offers more promising results for moderate to severe progression. Effective preventive measures and home remedies can help lower the risk of bleeding. These conditions cannot be completely cured. But it is possible to improve the quality of life by incorporating healthy lifestyle habits. Prescriptions and treatments only help slow down the disease progression.

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Kidney Cancer- Signs, Diagnosis, and Management

The kidneys are two fist-sized, bean-shaped organs located behind the abdominal organs on either side of the spine. A tumor forms over time due to abnormal cell growth in the tissue, which results in kidney cancer. Any cancer can develop due to cell changes that cause uncontrolled cell growth. This type of cancer most frequently affects people between the ages of 65 and 74. The following information explains the symptoms, causes, and treatments of kidney cancer. Symptoms of kidney cancer The symptoms of this illness do not become apparent until the condition has advanced to a severe stage. It usually turns up as an unusual kidney mass growth during other medical examinations. Other cancer-related signs and symptoms include: Blood in the urine A bulge or strange development around the kidneys Fatigue Decreased appetite Feeling ill and low on energy Sudden alteration of body mass Bone pain Anemia Elevated calcium levels Elevated blood pressure Mild fever Types of kidney cancer The four primary kinds of kidney cancer are as follows: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) This type of kidney cancer is most common in adults, accounting for 85% of cases. It usually starts as a single tumor in one kidney but can spread to the other. The kidney tubules, tiny tubes that carry nutrients and fluid back to the bloodstream, are where cancer first develops. Transitional cell carcinoma This type of cancer accounts for 6%–7% of all kidney cancers. Cancer usually begins in the renal pelvis, where the ureter connects to most kidneys. This type can also harm the ureters or bladder. Renal sarcoma If left untreated, this rare form of cancer can spread to the bones and other nearby organs. It begins to form in the kidney's connective tissue. Wilms tumor This is responsible for approximately 5% of all kidney cancers and is mostly seen in children. Causes of kidney cancer Even though the cause of this cancer is currently unknown, several risk factors may contribute to its development. Some of the risk factors include: High blood pressure strains the kidney, increasing the risk of this illness. A family history of this type of cancer increases the risk of developing it. Women getting radiation therapy for cancer of the reproductive organs are more likely to acquire this illness. Genes govern the functionality of a cell. Any genetic alterations may trigger tumor development. Dialysis is a treatment that involves cleaning a patient's blood by passing it through a specific machine, which is done when the kidneys are not functioning correctly. Prolonged dialysis treatment can cause this cancer. Tuberous sclerosis is a condition that causes convulsions, intellectual impairments, and tumor growth in a variety of organs. Kidney cancer is more likely to occur in people with this hereditary condition. This condition develops noncancerous growth in blood arteries, most commonly in the eyes and brain. Diagnosis of kidney cancer If certain abnormal signs in the body are noticed, the healthcare provider will perform several tests on the patient to diagnose the condition. A few of the diagnostic tests used to evaluate this cancer include: Urinalysis is the method of collecting urine samples to check for any traces of blood. Urine tests can detect even minute blood that is invisible to the naked eye. Analyses of blood samples can be used to determine the body's electrolytes and various blood cell types. These tests can help determine whether a lack of blood cells causes anemia or if kidney function is impaired due to an imbalance in the mineral creatine levels. A CT scan is a specialized x-ray that makes several images, or slices, of the interior of the body using a computer. This test is frequently performed with surgical intervention (dye). The dye might not be administered to people with compromised kidney function. MRI is a test that produces images of the body's interior to assess how well the system is functioning. It uses a computer, radio waves, and an extremely strong magnet for detection. A monitor can display images produced by ultrasound by using high-frequency sound waves that pass through bodily tissues. Tumors differ in density from healthy tissues, making this test helps in identifying them. A little sample of tissue is taken from the tumor during a renal mass biopsy procedure using a fine needle (biopsy). A pathologist will use a microscope to examine the tissue for the presence of cancer cells. Treatment of kidney cancer The course of treatment for this condition depends entirely on the patient's age, overall health, and the stage and grade of the tumor. Numerous available therapies depend on these circumstances, including: For most cancers, surgery is the initial option for treatment. It can be performed in various ways, where the surgeon removes the complete kidney, a portion of the kidney, and adjacent tissue. The other kidney is a substitute for both if one is released. In some cases, heat and cold can kill cancer cells. People who are not surgical candidates can receive cryoablation or radiofrequency ablation. The first operation involves introducing a needle into the kidney tumor, where cold gas is used to freeze the cancer cells quickly. The second procedure involves inserting a needle and destroying cancer cells with an electric current. Radiation therapy is typically used if a patient has one kidney and cannot undergo surgery. Usually, it's done to reduce the symptoms and suffering of cancer. The immune system is strengthened through immunotherapy using certain prescriptions. This makes it easier for the body to spot and eliminate cancer cells. Both surgery and this can be administered simultaneously. To avoid any further issues, it is important to discuss all treatment options with the doctor, including the outcomes and side effects. Being diagnosed with cancer can be stressful, but it's essential to learn everything to make an informed decision about the treatment. It's also recommended to get a second opinion. Doing this will make a person more educated and self-assured about the recommended course of therapy and recovery.

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